So, I claimed to know my country. Well, please find below my opinion, part I. On why The Netherlands have a high bicycle use. As a result (NOT the other way around), we have a unique cycling system that cannot be transferred successfully to almost any country in the western world.
Please note that I’m a scientist by background and not a lobbyist of any kind. Therefore, my post will be longer and less fun than some others, but I’ll try.
First of all, and this is important for my story, my background is from wealthy Dutch middle class (my father was a general practitioner). I’ve studied at a university. My experience is very much a standard experience that will be recognized by many Dutch of the same social background living in De Randstad (see below, I’m very average). Probably my own family and my parent’s moved a bit more through the country than average. With 4 brothers and sisters, my family was relatively large and the period of children depending on my parents spanned a staggering nearly 40years from 50ies until late 80ies, eventhough we all left home before the age of 19. As a parent, I’m very average Dutch with 2 kids only 2.5 years from eachother. So, besides some own experience, my family experience dates a bit further back than average.
Why is this important? Well, I’m sorry to say, but I’m from the social group that holds the power in The Netherlands. Wealthy, white, highly-educated middle class, working as decision makers in trade, industry and government alike. This group comes in traditionally high numbers and is still increasing (41% of 25-35yrs has a Bachelor degree or higher http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2012/09/11/oeso-opleidingsniveau-neemt-verder-toe.html). They represent a high economical value. In the end, this group has the most democratic and economical power and can make and break any decision, provided they act as a group. Well, they typically do act as a group more than they would admit. Check out my lobby story on my previous post, and you will see that any lobby not serving this group, would get bit and pieces only. They can quickly turn into a pack of wolves, but usually act like sheep.
Two pictures of the same social group: highly educated middle class is in power. They usally are like sheep, but can turn into a pack of wolves. In the end, they always get what they want.
This highly educated group has roughly De Randstad http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad_(gebied) as its reference point as a student. De Randstad is roughly the provinces Noord Holland, Zuid Holland and Utrecht . It’s the beating economical heart of The Netherlands, and pushed The Netherlands forward to become and stay one of the wealthiest countries in Europe since the late middle ages, with an interruption of poverty in the 18-19th century and WWII (check out yourself). The Randstad and specifically the area of Utrecht showed a systematically higher economical growth over a long period 1970-2000 than anywhere else in The Netherlands, and hard to beat for most EU regions. http://www.economicboardutrecht.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/TNO-2012-R10397-Economische-Verkenningen-Regio-Utrecht_3.pdf, figure 2.2. De Randstad has two tentacles attached, one into Brabant and one into Gelderland . A South East-ward connection from Randstad Rotterdam/Dordrecht to Brabant Breda, Tilburg, Eindhoven and ‘s Hertogenbosch. Eastward a connection from Randstad Utrecht to Gelderland Ede/Wageningen, Arnhem , Nijmegen . Funny enough, Nijmegen connects to ‘s Hertogenbosch again.
A map of The Netherlands, and a close up of De Randstad with a bulb plot to indicate town sizes.
De Randstad holds roughly for 50% of the Netherlands in any calculation on economical, demographic or educational numbers. This Randstad, Brabant, Gelderland region (RBG-region) holds 80% of the country. Believe me, the RBG-region dictates The Netherlands. A simple example, but for cycling oh so relevant one, are the schools for higher education. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_hogeronderwijsinstellingen_in_Nederland.
50-60% of higher educational institutes and universities is in De Randstad. 79% is in the RBG-region. For generations, all students are being educated in this region. The oldest Dutch university is located here (Leiden , since 1575), with most other traditional universities (e.g., Utrecht , Amsterdam , Delft , Nijmegen ). Groningen is the exception, but in a way Groningen is actually an RBG-island in up north of The Netherlands. This is the area where students are at the age of 18-24 or longer, this is their reference point for the rest of their lifes, this is what these future decision-makers are going to impose on the remaining 20% of the country, this is where they establish their old-boys networks. Not just now, not just after WWII, no, for 500 years this is already into the basic design of The Netherlands.
How strong is this social group of students? Very strong. Having a moped as a student is simply not done. More practical? easier? faster? No argument. Mopeds are stinking shitty things for the working classes. As student at the university or at 2nd school, you’re supposed to have a bike. On this bike you’re supposed to swirl through city center traffic, not minding cars, buses, traffic lights, biking lanes or whatever else invented by any dull engineer trying to make traffic safer. Drunk or sober, you’re invincible on your bike (or dead, highest biking death toll is amongst this age http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/nieuws/2012/04/19/lichte-stijging-verkeersdoden-in-2011.html ). On a bike, you go together to school, to university, to sports, to shop, to get drunk, to the movies, to theatre, to friends and family. You're taking your girlfriend home on it (yep, 2 adults fit on 1 crappy Dutch student bike), you're having...uh...let's keep it decent. If you don’t have a bike as a student, it's not easily accepted (take your own bike!, unless you’re visiting from another town). If you don’t have a bike, you’re not part of the group. And damn, you want to be part of the group if you’re 16.
A large group of 2nd school children on their way. Note how they ignore closing railway trees. Desperately wanting to be part of the group can get you killed. No matter what, you've got to have a bike.
Our fine fleur future decision makers. Students on a bike.
I know that this student bicycle habit existed already in 1945: my father used bikes with his friends at university, so did I, so did my brother and my sisters. It became a fashion statement in the sixties, when all working class hero's bought themselves a moped, but the students did not. Only one brother became a petrol head, and it gave him a working class image that still pops up in the family, even though (or may be because) he’s the richest of all.
So, the masses of our future fine fleurs, our future decision makers, act like idiots on their bikes in the RBG-region. All of them come to the insight at the age of 25-30 that this way of biking might be not so smart, especially when they start thinking that their own kids might start doing the same. All of them start thinking that biking safety should be improved. All of them try desperately to make their own kids behave safer than they did themselves. So did my father from the early 50ies until the late 80ies, so do I. Useless efforts while trying to change the minds of the students, but good in e.g., road design. However, to be honest, road improvements hardly affected the university students: the true inner cities of the RBG-region (with the highest student biking density) hardly improved on biking safety over the last 25 years in my own experience. There’s simply no space for better designs.
It is of ridiculous simplicity to suggest that a single event out of nowhere saved biking in the Netherlands , like a British lobbyist blogger does http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/search/label/stop%20de%20kindermoord. Of course cycling went down during the 50-70ies, because every family could finally afford a car! The fact that the government didn’t think about biking during those decades was simply because they suddenly had to accommodate a massive amount of cars in a densely populated area (read my post on significance of 02 feb 2013 to get inspiriation on the thinking mistake of Cyclepath). The government forgetting cyclists didn’t prevent the students from biking at all, they didn’t bother about safety. None of them got a car (totally unaffordable and socially hardly accepted)….only their parents did. Mind you, this was baby boom generation. Besides an explosion of cars on the road, there was also an explosion of students at schools and universities…and on bikes in city centres. They all went by bike, dictated traffic in these areas. They still do and there was never ever any doubt on it. It’s just that their highly educated-decision-making parents got fed up with too many road kills of their own kids by their very own cars. The pack of wolves started efforts to reduce road kills in general (Stop the kindermoord was just one of the many actions, and is not going to make it into history books), got what they wanted and went back into sheep again.
This chain of events was inevitable from Dutch social perspective. Many cars and many students was a new situation, but it never endangered bicycling by students at all. Solutions were created, some of them new, some of them not entirely. A lobby was hardly necessary, an entire Think, Plan, Act, Evaluate was quickly established, just within the very same social group and building on existing systems and old boys networks. The same pack of wolves rightfully enforced extra mirrors on trucks a few decades later. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dode_hoek_(auto) Not all working class truckers liked it...and trucks killing cyclists never endangered the concept of bicycling either.
Students become parents and the cycling cycle starts all over again. Protective mothers on bicycles over the years. The same people as on previous pictures, but different moments in life.
What did we learn so far (this is definitely NOT all) about cycling in The Netherlands:
ü The RBG-region is what counts here; forget about the rest of the country.
ü Cyclists in The Netherlands have the strongest lobby behind them: high numbers of wealthy decision makers
ü Mopeds don’t.
ü Cycling is a socially binding (upper)middle class statement, coming with extremely high pressure (including risky behaviour) amongst students, especially in the RBG-region.
ü This social pressure exists from generation upon generation and without interruption, certainly directly after WWII, but most likely already before.
ü Road safety and student biking are totally unrelated. Safety is no argument at all for students deciding to use a bike or not. Nor is parent’s opinion. It is only for their parents to decide for better roads.
ü Cycling is therefore into Dutch student culture. As students inevitably become parents in the most powerful social group, it does deliver generations of decision makers that know the best and the worst about biking. Obviously, these will protect their offspring as a pack of wolves and the circle of protecting cyclists is closed again.
If you’re not Dutch, tick the boxes that are applicable for your country. I would be surprised if it would be more than a single one and I can predict the one you picked: Mopeds don’t have a lobby. Although related to the success of bicycles in The Netherlands, it’s not going to help you any further in developing cycling in your own country. Sorry.
You don’t fully grasp the point? You disagree to the story? I can understand, that’s called differences in culture. Most likely, it also means you’re not part of the social group that holds the power in The Netherlands (duh, you’re not Dutch if you didn’t get it).
Next post on what’s making cycling in the RBG-region so incredibly convenient, especially for students: the breeding grounds for such a cycling culture. Two main aspects: physical and social geography. Maybe later post on a massive army of Dutch planners. Finally, a post with my own cycling history, for fun and supporting the stories above.
Note afterwards
Were all students conquered by the cycling army? No, a small group fiercefully resisted the usurpers and got themselves a 2CV 'ugly duck'. This was rightfully pointed out by Quezzzt, although his father had one in a totally unrelated way. From the sixties onwards, having an ugly duck was a left-wing arty farty student statement that resulted in the most colorfull participants in traffic...being also the slowest, it was actually a kind of hyperbicycle...
It's truely making the roads less interesting to watch since they disappeared. Is that why we're not having any 'berm toerisme' anymore?
Anyway, the use of cars by students was finally stabbed to death in 1991, by the introduction of free public transport for students, a year after Citroen stopped production of the 2CV, seemingly a French visionary decision.
Named after its beak-like hood and its distinctive sound...check out this hilariously sounding video on someone trying to start his 2CV in the cold. Everytime he tries to let it run stationary, it almost stops...but he knows how to treat an ugly duck... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5Aalk3U2gY
Oh, I am missing this sound...I'm feeling old now...
Note afterwards
Were all students conquered by the cycling army? No, a small group fiercefully resisted the usurpers and got themselves a 2CV 'ugly duck'. This was rightfully pointed out by Quezzzt, although his father had one in a totally unrelated way. From the sixties onwards, having an ugly duck was a left-wing arty farty student statement that resulted in the most colorfull participants in traffic...being also the slowest, it was actually a kind of hyperbicycle...
It's truely making the roads less interesting to watch since they disappeared. Is that why we're not having any 'berm toerisme' anymore?
Anyway, the use of cars by students was finally stabbed to death in 1991, by the introduction of free public transport for students, a year after Citroen stopped production of the 2CV, seemingly a French visionary decision.
Named after its beak-like hood and its distinctive sound...check out this hilariously sounding video on someone trying to start his 2CV in the cold. Everytime he tries to let it run stationary, it almost stops...but he knows how to treat an ugly duck... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5Aalk3U2gY
Oh, I am missing this sound...I'm feeling old now...
Bermtoerisme: Go out on a sunny sunday afternoon, park your car next to the highway and start watching cars, while eating a sandwich with a glass of milk. Our family never grasped this concept. Did they try to spot ugly ducks?! Or was it another social group?!
Anyone familiar with the A1 nowadays, knows that almost the same is still happening on a daily basis, but the people don't bother to get out of their cars anymore...and they changed the name of the game: traffic jam.



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